Uninterrupted transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus hpaiv h5n1 of clade 2. Mmwr evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for influenza a h3n2v infections and updated case count united states, 2012. Generally, ai virus is transmitted by the fecaloral route without causing clinical signs 24. This number of human cases is just a minute fraction of the large number of people likely exposed to h5n1 during thousands of h5n1 outbreaks reported in poultry kilpatrick, 2006. Avian influenza bird flu what is avian influenza and what causes it. Addressing the difficult questions raised by the h5n1 controversy requires exploring the ethics of knowledge. Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian bird influenza flu type a viruses. It is a contagious viral flu that occurs in wild birds.
This seasonal ah1n1 virus is the same virus that caused the 2009 influenza pandemic, as it is now circulating seasonally. A blend of national and international expertise is needed to respond. Page 3 of 5 date member state main event action by the european commission, member states authorities and stakeholders thu 0712 it update hpai h5n8 outbreak in poultry infonote 49 to cvos on information received from the italian authorities on the confirmation of a further outbreak 82nd of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5n8 in a holding located in treviso province, veneto. A virus is defined as hpai or lpai by its ability to cause severe disease in intravenously inoculated young chickens in the laboratory, or by its. Ai viruses can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese and guinea fowl as well as a wide variety of other birds, including migratory waterfowl. Prophylactic antivirals are not indicated for patients who plan to travel to areas where avian influenza has been reported.
Pdf between 16 november 2017 and 15 february 2018, one highly pathogenic avian influenza. Cdc to mix avian, human flu viruses in pandemic study cidrap. However, sporadic human infections with avian flu viruses. Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes h5n1 and. Avian influenza virus h5n1 replication in feathers of. The global spread of h5n1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. Moreover, 20 low pathogenic avian influenza lpai outbreaks were reported in three member states. Avian influenzain humans is rare and the most common route of infection is via direct or indirect contact with secretions nasal, oral or fecal from infected poultry. Lpai, or low path avian influenza, naturally occurs in wild birds and can spread to domestic birds. Avian influenza and pandemic flu frequently asked questions nh department of health and human services 10907 general information 1. Avian influenza viruses are classified as either low pathogenic also called low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses or highly pathogenic high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.
In most cases it causes no signs of infection or only minor symptoms in birds. An avian influenza model and its fit to human avian influenza cases 3 isolates of viruses from outbreaks in europe 39 and africa 40 in 2006 revealed that the qinghai lake virus was their likely ancestor. In poultry, avian influenza viruses aivs are classified according to the severity. Rapid h5subtypespecific laboratory diagnosis can be made by rt.
Avian influenza frequently asked questions october 31, 2005 hat is avian influenza, and is it something new. July 25, 2008 fao avian influenza disease emergency situation update pdf. Avian influenza also known as avian flu is a virus that infects wild birds, such as ducks and geese, and domesticated birds, such as chickens and turkeys. Some cases of asian h7n9 avian influenza have been reported outside of mainland china, but most occurred in people who had traveled to mainland china before becoming ill.
This outbreak was caused by the viral subtype h5n1 h haemoagglutinin. Commonly known as avian flu or bird flu, avian influenza is a disease in people and certain animals caused by infection with avian influenza viruses aivs. Avian influenza is an infectious viral disease that primarily affects birds, although some strains can infect and kill mammals, including humans. Information on avian influenza avian influenza flu. The structure of h5n1 avian influenza neuraminidase. Influenza report is a medical textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of epidemic and pandemic influenza download pdf. H5n1 avian flu research and the ethics of knowledge. Health experts say pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine i. Influenza research database influenza genome database.
Avian influenza viruses can be transmitted on contaminated shoes, clothing, crates, egg flats, egg cases, vehicles, and other equipment. These strains of the virus pose little threat to human health. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai. Although it is a bird flu, it has infected a relatively small number of people killing around. Avian influenza is a viral disease that can affect bird species throughout the world. The fao manual on hpai control recommends a zoning strategy which begins with the. However, among the 390 strains of h5n1 isolated from poultry farms. The template wikinews is being considered for merging. Once ai is established in domestic poultry, it is a highly contagious disease and wild birds are no longer an essential ingredient for spread. Influenza viruses and the evolution of avian influenza.
In vitro evolution of h5n1 avian influenza virus toward. Influenza report has also been published in albanian, chinese, croatian, german, indonesian, italian, mongolian, serbian, and slovenian to be informed about new chapters or editions, please subscribe to the influenza report alert. Avian influenza ai is a type a influenza virus that causes respiratory disease in a variety of birds including, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl. The infection of humans with an h5 avian influenza virus in hong kong in 1997 has resulted in a reconsideration of the role of the avian species in the epidemiology of human influenza. Surveillance plan for the early detection of h5n1 highly pathogenic. Program pnsa manual for the contingency of avian influenza and. Influenza is not uncommon and it has been around for centuries. Author summary influenza type a viruses are endemic in aquatic birds but can cross the species barrier to infect the human respiratory tract. Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance food and. Avian influenza virus glycoproteins restrict virus. In response to the heightened risk of avian flu, the eu has increased preventive and control measures to ensure. Highlypathogenic avian influenza hpai h5 viruses have been identified in birds in the united states since december 2014. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in migratory birds in the united states.
Wild waterfowl, including ducks and geese, are natural hosts of ai virus of all 16 hemagglutinin subtypes in nature 2,3. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai is a highly infectious viral disease that affects a wide range of bird species. Images of avian influenza a h7n9 avian influenza flu. Avian influenza in poultry 3 through improper disposal of infected carcasses, manure, or poultry byproducts. His research interests include molecular epidemiology and hostpathogen interaction of avian influenza viruses. Another influenza pandemic in humans is inevitable in january 2004, the most serious outbreak of avian influenza in terms of the number of human deaths 22 deaths out of a total of 33 cases in vietnam and thailand began. Avian influenza ai is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the influenza virus type a which can affect several species of birds chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc. Emergency prevention plan for the fight against avian influenza in rwanda pdf 45 pp march 2006 the plan aims to define strategies, measures and activities for safeguarding both animal and human health, using a multidisciplinary, flexible approach.
Introduction a disease capable of causing extremely high up to 100% mortality in poultry was first distinguished from bacterial diseases, such as fowl cholera, by perroncito in 1878. Influenza a viruses that infect poultry can be divided into 2 distinct groups according to the severity of disease they cause. Influenza virus a is further classified on the basis of the surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin ha or h and neuraminidase na or n. Avian influenza a viruses can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of birds and have been isolated from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the world. Different ethical questions arise in different stages of research. Ai viruses can be classified into low pathogenicity lpai and highly pathogenic.
Although these birds may not exhibit symptoms of illness, they. Influenza viruses are no longer just a cause of selflimited upper respiratory tract infections. In addition, there are two type b viruses that are also circulating as seasonal influenza viruses. A highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 virus has crossed the species barrier to cause deaths in humans in asia and poses an increasing threat of a pandemic. Influenza is a virus that can infect humans and many animal species, including poultry and other birds. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. Avian influenza, or bird flu, was first identified in italy over 100 years ago. Combine detection of new outbreaks in animals with active searches for. Aphl 20 poster winner 2012 influenza a h3n2v outbreak in indiana. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the cdc website the centers for disease control and prevention cdc cannot attest to. Chronology of the turkish avian influenza outbreak, may 2005february 2006.
Throughout this manual, the h5n1 hpai virus that has caused outbreaks in poultry and affected. Avian influenza virus infections have been detected occasionally in numerous species of mammals. Avian influenza ai is a viruscaused disease usually infecting birds. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbourjoining. The centers for disease control and prevention cdc will soon launch experiments designed to combine the h5n1 virus and human flu.
Infrequently, the virus has been found to cross into and cause disease in unrelated species including pigs, cats, dogs. Faos proposal for global avian influenza control global programme. The worldwide spread of h5n1 avian influenza has raised concerns that this virus might acquire the ability to pass readily among humans and cause a. Combining the fall in prices with the fall in quantities sold and comparing this with. Chinas 6th wave of h7n9 avian influenza in humans peaked in 20162017 with nearly 800 cases. The recent spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza from asia to the west has provoked great concern in. One strain of avian influenza currently identified in asia and europe is known as influenza ah5n1. Travelers who plan to travel to areas of the world affected by avian influenza outbreaks in birds andor humans are advised to avoid close contact with poultry, especially diseased or dead birds, and to consume only adequately cooked meat. Thisstudyisfocusedonlyondeploymentsinhongkong special administrative region, china. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is also known as fowl plague and grippe aviaire. Combining targeted active surveillance capture and sampling. Two established lineages of h3 canine influenza virus civ have been described, of equine. Responding to the avian influenza pandemic threat world health.
Avian influenza a h5n1 virus causes human influenzalike illness with a high rate of complications in adults admitted to hospital. Isolation of avian influenza h5n1 virus from vaccinated. Clinical signs of the disease depend on the strain and subtype of virus and the species of bird infected. Between 16 august and 15 november 2018, 14 highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai a h5n8 outbreaks in poultry establishments in bulgaria and seven hpai a h5n6 outbreaks, one in captive birds in germany and six in wild birds in denmark and the netherlands were reported in the european union eu.
Circulation of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in asia, europe and africa has resulted in more than 550 human infections since 2003, with a case fatality ratio exceeding 58% whocsr, 2011. Some of these species include cats, dogs, pigs, horses, donkeys, mink, and various wild and captive wild mammals. While avian flu has not yet developed into a pandemic, medical experts at the world health organization who and elsewhere believe that the world is now closer to another influenza pandemic than at any time since 1968, when the last of the previous centurys three pandemics. Avian influenza refers to disease caused by infection with avian bird influenza flu type a viruses. Pdf avian influenza ai is considered an exotic disease in the brazilian poultry industry, according. The usda swine influenza surveillance consortium submitted 822 influenza sequences to genbank during the quarter of octoberdecember 2018 using the ird sequence submission tool. Under secretary for democracy and global affairs august 2007 avian influenza ai is an infectious and contagious viral infection affecting most species of wild and domestic birds.
Wild birds and avian influenza food and agriculture organization. Currently, influenza ah1n1 and ah3n2 are the circulating seasonal influenza a virus subtypes. Avian influenza frequently asked questions october 31, 2005 w. Lee is a postdoctoral researcher at the southeast poultry research laboratory, usda agricultural research service, athens, georgia, usa. The ceirs data processing and coordinating center dpcc uploaded and published 63,006 influenza surveillance records 53,247 avian and 9,759 nonhuman mammalian on.
Since 1997, an epidemic of avian influenza ai virus subtype h5n1 has spread in asia, causing fatal infections in poultry, wild birds, mammals, and humans. To date, no highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5 viruses have been detected among birds in new york. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai etiology and ecology quick summary disease highly pathogenic avian influenza there is also lowpathogenic avian influenza lpai, also known as fowl plague. Highlighting partnerships between human and animal surveillance outbreak of influenza a h3n2 virus among persons and swine at a county fair indiana, july 2012. Investigation and management of possible human cases of avian influenza among contacts associated with avian influenza incidents ref. The most severe strain, called highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai, is. The disease can vary from mild to severe, depending on the virus strain involved. Ai is a flu that affects birds, just as there is a flu for humans and, as with. Isolation of avian influenza h5n1 virus from vaccinated commercial layer flock in egypt elham f elzoghby1, abdelsatar arafa1, walid h kilany1, mona m aly1, elsayed m abdelwhab1,2,3 and hafez m hafez2 abstract background.
Safety and health topics avian influenza occupational. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by. Introduction and information it is caused by influenza virus a. Mortality and morbidity hpai can produce high mortality and morbidity in domestic poultry. The nih decided to fund kawaokas and fouchiers h5n1 proposals based on. The case death rate of h5n1 avian influenza infection is 20 times higher than that of the 1918 infection 50% versus 2. The disease also can be easily spread by people and equipment contaminated with avian influenza virus. Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. The most virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai, a systemic infection in which death rates for some susceptible species may be. Avian influenza the disease avian influenza ai is caused by specified viruses that are members of the family orthomyxoviridae and placed in the genus influenzavirus a.
1154 858 1584 1522 218 1335 644 440 1345 891 677 250 1089 1327 316 539 633 1227 1346 1278 430 591 1168 838 1412 34 326 702 406 605 1352 483 388 188 1038 70 145 542 137 1161